A)    Slower because organic particles contain covalent bonds

B)    Faster because organic particles contain covalent bonds

C)    Slower because organic particles are ions

D)    Faster because organic particles are ions

Correct Answer: Option A - Slower because organic particles contain covalent bonds

A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of chemical substances. The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants. Chemical reactions are usually characterized by a chemical change, and they yield one or more products, which usually have properties different from the reactants. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that strictly involve the motion of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds, although the general concept of a chemical reaction, in particular the notion of a chemical equation, is applicable to transformations of elementary particles, as well as nuclear reactions. Different chemical reactions are used in combination in chemical synthesis in order to get a desired product

Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. The basic organic chemistry reaction types are addition reactions, elimination reactions, substitution reactions, pericyclic reactions, rearrangement reactions and redox reactions. In organic synthesis, organic reactions are used in the construction of new organic molecules.

Inorganic chemicals are substances of mineral origin that do not contain carbon in their molecular structure. There are several basic types of products. Examples include naturally-occurring minerals, metals and their alloys, compounds that contain non-metallic elements, and metal complexes. Most inorganic chemical reactions fall into four broad categories: combination reactions, decomposition reactions, single displacement reactions, and double displacement reactions. Specifications for inorganic chemicals include synonyms, molecular weight, formula/structure, functional group, Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) registry number, occurrence, uses and applications, physical properties, methods of preparation with chemical equations, chemical reactions, and health chemical analysis. Most organic compounds have covalent bonds so eliminate choices 1 and 3. Covalent or shared bonds are hard to break so many organic reactions proceeds slowly.

Hence options B, C and D are incorrect.

A)    C_nH_2n-6

B)    C_nH_2n

C)    C_nH_2n-2

D)    C_nH_2n+2

Correct Answer: Option C - C_nH_2n-2

A homologous series is a series of organic compounds with a similar general formula, possessing similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group, and shows a gradation in physical properties as a result of increase in molecular size and mass. For example, ethane has a higher boiling point than methane since it has more Van der Waals forces (intermolecular forces) with neighboring molecules. This is due to the increase in the number of atoms making up the molecule. Organic compounds in the same homologous series vary by a CH₂.

Even while the general formulae are the same, they have different structures that can lead the exact same compound to different properties, although they will always present the same chemical properties while as a homologous compound.

Compounds in each set have the same little group of atoms called the functional group. Most chemical properties of organic compounds are due to the presence of the functional group.

Alkynes are hydrocarbons that have a triple bond between two carbon atoms, with the formula C_nH_2n-2. Alkynes are characteristically more unsaturated than alkenes. Thus they add two equivalents of bromine whereas an alkene adds only one equivalent. Other reactions are listed below. Alkynes are usually more reactive than alkenes. They show greater tendency to polymerize or oligomerize than do alkenes. The resulting polymers, called polyacetylenes (which do not contain alkyne units) are conjugated and can exhibit semiconducting properties.

Hence, options A,B and D are incorrect.

A)    Carbon readily forms ionic bonds with other carbon atoms.

B)    Carbon readily forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms.

C)    Carbon atoms have very high electronegativity.

D)    Carbon atoms combine readily with oxygen.

Correct Answer: Option B - Carbon readily forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms.

Covalent bonds, which hold the atoms within an individual molecule together, are formed by the sharing of electrons in the outer atomic orbitals. The distribution of shared as well as unshared electrons in outer orbitals is a major determinant of the three-dimensional shape and chemical reactivity of molecules.

A carbon-carbon bond is a covalent bond between two carbon atoms. The most common form is the single bond - a bond composed of two electrons, one from each of the two atoms. The carbon-carbon single bond is a sigma bond and is said to be formed between one hybridized orbital from each of the carbon atoms. In ethane, the orbitals are sp3 hybridized orbitals, but single bonds formed between carbon atoms with other hybridisations do occur (e.g. sp2 to sp2). In fact, the carbon atoms in the single bond need not be of the same hybridisation. Carbon atoms can also form double bonds called alkenes or triple bonds called alkynes. A double bond is formed with an sp2 hybridized orbital and a p-orbital that isn't involved in the hybridization. A triple bond is formed with an sp hybridized orbital and two p-orbitals from each atom. The use of the p-orbitals forms a pi bond.

Carbon has the unique characteristic among all elements to form long chains of its own atoms, a property called catenation. This coupled with the strength of the carbon-carbon bond gives rise to an enormous number of molecular forms, many of which are important structural elements of life.

Hence, options A, C and D are incorrect.

A)    CH₃CH₂COOH and CH₃COOCH₂CH₃

B)    CH₃CH₂CHO and CH₃COCH₃

C)    CH₃CHBrCH₃ and CH₂BrCHBrCH₃

D)    CH₃CHOHCH₃ and CH₃CHOHCH₂OH

Correct Answer: Option B - CH₃CH₂CHO and CH₃COCH₃

Isomer is the term used to describe two or more chemical compounds which can be represented by the same chemical formula. There are two main types of isomers: structural isomers which differ from one another by the attachment of atoms on the molecule; and stereoisomers which differ from on another by the location of the atoms in space.

Chemical compounds can be represented by a formula which qualitatively and quantitatively describes its component elements. propyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol both are represented by the same formula ([CH₃]2CHOH), but they are different compounds with different properties depending on whether the alcohol group (also known as the hydroxyl group) is located on a terminal (end) carbon atom or on the middle carbon atom. This form of isomerism is known as positional, or structural, isomerism. Positional isomerism occurs because the various sites where groups are attached are not equivalent. This principle is demonstrated by the molecule known as benzene which consists six carbon atoms arranged in a ring. These carbon atoms provide benzene with six different positions where other chemical groups can be substituted for hydrogen atoms. A substituted benzene ring, such as toluene, can accept another substituent on any of the other five carbon atoms; but because two pairs are equivalent, there are only three possible isomers. These are designated as ortho, meta, and para.

Hence, options A, C and D are incorrect.

A)    Tetrahedron

B)    Square

C)    Pyramid

D)    Rectangle

Correct Answer: Option A - Tetrahedron

The alkanes (i.e. the paraffins) are the simplest homologous series of organic compounds of hydrogen and carbon, where all atoms are linked by single bonds.

The general formula for the alkane series of hydrocarbons is C_nH_2n+2. The alkanes are said to be saturated because the maximum number of bonds are formed between each carbon atoms and its neighboring carbon and hydrogen atoms. The lack of any multiple bonds (i.e. double-bonds or triple-bonds) in the alkanes explains the relative chemical inertness of this series of hydrocarbons.

Methane          CH₄ CH₄

Ethane             C₂H₆ CH₃CH₃

Propane           C₃H₈ CH₃CH₂CH₃

Butane             C₄H₁₀ CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃

Pentane           C₅H₁₂ CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

Heptane           C₆H₁₄ CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

Hexane            C₇H₁₆ CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

Octane             C₈H₁₈ CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

Nonane            C₉H₂₀ CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

Decane            C₁₀H₂₂ CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

The shapes of the alkanes show that all bonds on the carbon atoms are identical and that the bond angles are close to 109 degrees. Thus, each carbon atom is at the center of a tetrahedral structure, with either carbon atoms or hydrogen atoms at the apices of the tetrahedron. All bonds between carbon atoms (i.e. C-C bonds), or between a carbon atom and hydrogen (i.e. C-H bonds), are s bonds (sigma bonds). These bonds are formed by the end-on overlap of sp3 hydride orbitals of the carbon atoms.

A)    4

B)    3

C)    2

D)    1

Correct Answer: Option C - 2

Acetic acid, CH₃COOH, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic acid which gives vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell.

It is a weak acid, in that it is only partially dissociated acid in aqueous solution.Acetic acid is one of the simplest carboxylic acids. It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical, used in the production of polyethylene terephthalate mainly used in soft drink bottles; cellulose acetate, mainly for photographic film; and polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, as well as synthetic fibres and fabrics. In households, diluted acetic acid is often used in descaling agents.

Hence, options A, B and D are incorrect.

A)    Oxygen

B)    Sulfur

C)    Sulfur dioxide

D)    Carbon dioxide

Correct Answer: Option D - Carbon dioxide

Ethanol fermentation is the biological process by which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products. Yeasts carry out ethanol fermentation on sugars in the absence of oxygen. Because the process does not require oxygen, ethanol fermentation is classified as anaerobic.

Ethanol fermentation occurs in the production of alcoholic beverages and ethanol fuel, and in the rising of bread dough.

Hence, options A, B and C are incorrect.

A)    Pentane

B)    Pentyne

C)    Pentene

D)    Pentanol

Correct Answer: Option C - Pentene

A carbon-carbon bond is a covalent bond between two carbon atoms. The most common form is the single bond - a bond composed of two electrons, one from each of the two atoms. The carbon-carbon single bond is a sigma bond and is said to be formed between one hybridized orbital from each of the carbon atoms. In ethane, the orbitals are sp3 hybridized orbitals, but single bonds formed between carbon atoms with other hybridizations do occur (e.g. sp2 to sp2). In fact, the carbon atoms in the single bond need not be of the same hybridization. Carbon atoms can also form double bonds called alkenes. A double bond is formed with an sp2 hybridized orbital and a p-orbital that isn't involved in the hybridization. The physical state depends on molecular mass (gases from ethene to butene - liquids from pentene onwards). The simplest alkenes, ethene, propene and butene are gases. Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids, and higher alkenes are waxy solids.

Hence, options A, B and D are incorrect.

A)    Aldehyde

B)    Alcohol

C)    Ester

D)    Ether

Correct Answer: Option A - Aldehyde

An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal carbonyl group. This functional group, which consists of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and double-bonded to an oxygen atom (chemical formula O=CH-), is called the aldehyde group. The aldehyde group is also called the formyl or methanoyl group.

The word aldehyde seems to have arisen from alcohol dehydrogenated. The aldehyde group is polar. Oxygen, more electronegative than carbon, pulls the electrons in the carbon-oxygen bond towards itself, creating an electron deficiency at the carbon atom.

Acyclic aliphatic aldehydes are named as derivatives of the longest carbon chain containing the aldehyde group. Thus, HCHO is named as a derivative of methane, and CH3CH2CH2CHO is named as a derivative of butane. The name is formed by changing the suffix -e of the parent alkane to -al, so that HCHO is named methanal, and CH3CH2CH2CHO is named butanal.

If replacing the aldehyde group with a carboxyl group (-COOH) would yield a carboxylic acid with a trivial name, the aldehyde may be named by replacing the suffix -ic acid or -oic acid in this trivial name by -aldehyde. For example:

• HCHO may be called formaldehyde.
• CH₃CHO may be called acetaldehyde.
• C₆H₅CHO may be called benzaldehyde.

A)    Oxygen

B)    Nitrogen

C)    Phosphorous

D)    Carbon

Correct Answer: Option D - Carbon

Organic chemistry is a discipline within chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of chemical compounds that contain carbon. These compounds may contain any number of other elements, including hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, the halogens as well as phosphorus, silicon and sulfur.

Because of their unique properties, multi-carbon compounds exhibit extremely large variety and the range of application of organic compounds is enormous. They form the basis of, or are important constituents of many products (paints, plastics, food, explosives, drugs, petrochemicals, to name but a few) and they form the basis of all earthly life processes.

Hence, options A, B and C are incorrect.